As far as search warrants go, a search must be issued by a judge! In the state of CA a peace officer cannot enter or search your residence without it, no matter what the cause is. Probably cause only applies to traffic stops, for example if you were swerving on the roads a bit, they would have probable cause with suspicion of DUI!
Do not be fooled by all the hype! All officers, this includes local, county, state and federal, must have a search warrant. Also, should you ever get pulled over with some stash in your ride, as long it is enclosed in a bag and cannot be seen with the naked eye, then you are all good. Do not ever give an officer permission to search anything you own, they have to ask you for a reason and it is your legal right to say NO! Just because you say no doesnt mean you are going to jail.
Im an aspiring law student and all i do is hang out with criminal lawyers. People are blind to their given rights, peace officers are subject to procedure and policy. If they do search your persons or property without verbal permission, that is an unlawful, it doesnt matter what kind of probable cause they have, it is illegal!
I personally, carry a pocket copy of the penal and civil code in my car. Should an officer challenge anything i say, i have the ability to show it to him in black and white.
Also, if you feel you are being harrassed by an officer, STOP TALKING! Ask for his supervisor, which will usually be his Sergeant. Ask for the officers full name, badge number, HIS BEAT, and his vehicle number. It doesnt't matter if you can read his badge number, have him tell you, same with everything else! By law they HAVE to tell you, just like you have to furnish identification upon request from them. One last thing, ANY complaint made against an officer stays in his record for his ENTIRE career as an officer of the law, so alot of cops will back peddle and get out of getting a complaint, it looks bad on them. Complain if they dont treat you professionally and respectfully! Rememeber they are PUBLIC SERVANTS there to PROTECT YOU, not harrass you!
Ok, im done! Now everybody go buy a pocket copy of the appropriate civil and penal codes for your locale and grow free!
Nova